Screening has been always considered as a double-edged sword. Cancer screening could save lives in some cases, however, in other cases, it might also turn people into overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of cancer that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime. Therefore, overdiagnosis might lead to unnecessary treatments and lifetime surveillance, and then increase economic burden and psychological burden. In this review, we focus on how to correctly evaluate the overdiagnosis rate, and how to avoid or reduce the harms caused by overdiagnosis in the future according to the reasons associated with overdiagnosis. After systematically reviewing the previous studies, we will try to identify the potential reasons associated with overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening with mammography, address how to correctly evaluate the overdiagnosis rate, and finally provide some suggestions to reduce the overdiagnosis.
筛查历来就是一把双刃剑。癌症筛查在给部分人带来收益的同时，也会给另一部分人带来过度诊断。过度诊断是对永远不会导致症状出现或威胁生命的癌症的诊断，由此可能造成被诊断者接受不必要的治疗及终身监测，进而造成不必要的经济负担以及身体和心理上的损害。如何正确评价过度诊断，以及如何根据过度诊断产生的原因，采取有针对性的措施来减少或避免过度诊断，将是乳腺癌筛查中需要深度思考的问题。本文在系统总结既往相关研究的基础上，详细阐述乳腺X线筛查乳腺癌引起过度诊断产生的原因、评价方法，以及避免过度诊断可采取的措施。.
Keywords: Breast cancer; Overdiagnosis; Screening.