Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure single gene disorders such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia (SCA). These non-malignant diseases have in common severe hemolytic anemia and high proliferative bone marrow, requiring frequent transfusions. The risk of rejection is high and graft-vs-host disease is not desirable. Important progress has been made in the management of these diseases, including leukocyte depletion of blood products, and chelation therapy, for both diseases, and erythrocytapheresis and hydroxycarbamide for SCA. However, morbidity and quality of life are still of concern. Results have also significantly improved for HSCT, with the reduction of rejection by using anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), which also decreases the risk of chronic graft-vs-host disease. Current data show a more than 90% chance of cure with myeloablative conditioning in children with hemoglobinopathy and a geno-identical donor. Results are similar whether the cell source is cord blood or bone marrow. Because of the risk of conditioning-related infertility, ovarian and/or testis cryopreservation should be discussed. Non-myeloablative conditioning regimens have also been successfully developed in adults with SCA and organ dysfunction, making cure possible. These encouraging results should incite to perform HLA typing early in families with hemoglobinopathies, and to systematically propose sibling cord blood cryopreservation for those without geno-identical donor.
Keywords: Allogeneic geno-identical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Cerebral vasculopathy; Chimerism; Fertility; Pre-implantation diagnosis; Sickle cell anemia; Strokes; Thalassemia.