Associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with residential characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary habits among young children in Shanghai, China

Chenxi Liao; Wei Liu; Jialing Zhang; Wenming Shi; Xueying Wang; Jiao Cai; Zhijun Zou; Rongchun Lu; Chanjuan Sun; Heng Wang; Chen Huang; Zhuohui Zhao

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.189

Associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with residential characteristics, lifestyles, and dietary habits among young children in Shanghai, China

Sci Total Environ. 2018 Mar:616-617:1288-1297. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.189. Epub 2017 Nov 6.

Authors

Chenxi Liao¹, Wei Liu², Jialing Zhang¹, Wenming Shi³, Xueying Wang¹, Jiao Cai⁴, Zhijun Zou¹, Rongchun Lu¹, Chanjuan Sun¹, Heng Wang⁵, Chen Huang⁶, Zhuohui Zhao⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China.
² Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
³ Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
⁴ Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China; School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, China.
⁵ Zhoushan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China.
⁶ Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), Shanghai, China. Electronic address: huangc@usst.edu.cn.
⁷ Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: zhzhao@fudan.edu.cn.

PMID: 29122348
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.189

Abstract

Exposure to household phthalates has been reported to have adverse effects on children's health. In this paper, we used phthalate metabolites in the first morning urine as indicators of household phthalate exposures and examined their associations with residential characteristics, lifestyles and dietary habits among young children. During 2013-2014, we collected morning urines from children aged 5-10years in Shanghai, China and obtained the related information about analyzed factors in this study by questionnaires. Urinary phthalate metabolites were analyzed by isotope dilution-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-heated electrospray ionization source (HESI) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney or Kruskai-Wallis rank tests, and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the target associations. Ten metabolites of seven phthalates in 434 urine samples were analyzed. The detection rates of eight metabolites (MiBP, MnBP, MEHP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEP, and MMP) were >90%, except for MBzP (51.2%), and MCHP with <10.0% of detection rate was not included in analyses. By multivariate linear regression analyses, factors significantly associated with higher concentrations of metabolites included non-usage household air cleaners (MEP and MEHP), changing the child's pillowcase less than one time a week (DEHP metabolites), dusting furniture in the child's bedroom less than three times a week (MMP and MnBP), using more plastic toys (DEHP metabolites and MEP), often having soft drinks (DEHP metabolites) and candies (MiBP). Our results indicated that phthalate exposures were common among Shanghai children and residential characteristics had less significant associations with urinary phthalate metabolites compared with lifestyles and dietary habits. Using less plastic toys, having less candies and soft drinks, using household air cleaner, as well as frequently changing the child's pillowcase and dusting furniture in the child's bedroom could reduce phthalate exposures among children.

Keywords: Children; Dietary habit; Lifestyle; Phthalate metabolites; Residential characteristic; Urine.

MeSH terms

Child
China
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Environmental Exposure / statistics & numerical data*
Environmental Pollutants / urine*
Feeding Behavior
Female
Humans
Life Style
Linear Models
Male
Phthalic Acids / urine*

Substances

Environmental Pollutants
Phthalic Acids
phthalic acid