Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) induces hormesis, exerts an adoptive effect on normal mammalian cells and stimulates cell proliferation; however, this effect is absent in cancer cells. Little is known on the molecular mechanisms underlying this differential response between normal and cancer cells. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and the normal prostate cell line RWPE-1 exhibited differential biological responses to LDIR. Through cell cycle analyses, it was demonstrated that LDIR inhibited cell growth and arrested the cell cycle at the S and G2/M phases in PC-3 cells, but not in RWPE-1 cells. Using western blotting, it was demonstrated that LDIR at 75 mGy induced the expression of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein in PC-3 as well as RWPE-1 cells. However, the ATM̸p21 pathway was activated in PC-3, but not in RWPE-1 cells. Although the expression of p53 was not affected by 75 mGy LDIR in RWPE-1 cells, the ATM̸p21 pathway was activated when RWPE-1 cells lost p53 function. In addition, when using ATM inhibitors, the ATM̸p21 pathway was inactivated in both cell lines, and the LDIR-induced cell proliferation inhibition was also abolished. These findings suggested that the ATM/p21 pathway directly participated in the LDIR-induced cell proliferation inhibition in p53null type prostate tumor cells, whereas this mechanism was absent in normal prostate cells. Thus, p53 may affect cell stability following LDIR, and plays a crucial role in regulating the ATM/p21 pathway activated by LDIR.