Isolation and Characterization of vΔI3 Confirm that Vaccinia Virus SSB Plays an Essential Role in Viral Replication

Abstract

Vaccinia virus is unusual among DNA viruses in replicating exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. The single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein (SSB) I3 is among the replication machinery encoded by the 195-kb genome, although direct genetic analysis of I3 has been lacking. Herein, we describe a complementing cell line (CV1-I3) that fully supports the replication of a null virus (vΔI3) lacking the I3 open reading frame (ORF). In noncomplementing CV1-CAT cells, vΔI3 shows a severe defect in the production of infectious virus (≥200-fold reduction). Early protein synthesis and core disassembly occur normally. However, DNA replication is profoundly impaired (≤0.2% of wild-type [WT] levels), and late proteins do not accumulate. When several other noncomplementing cell lines are infected with vΔI3, the yield of infectious virus is also dramatically reduced (168- to 1,776-fold reduction). Surprisingly, the residual levels of DNA accumulation vary from 1 to 12% in the different cell lines (CV1-CAT < A549 < BSC40 < HeLa); however, any nascent DNA that can be detected is subgenomic in size. Although this subgenomic DNA supports late protein expression, it does not support the production of infectious virions. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis of vΔI3-infected BSC40 cells reveals that immature virions are abundant but no mature virions are observed. Aberrant virions characteristic of a block to genome encapsidation are seen instead. Finally, we demonstrate that a CV1 cell line encoding a previously described I3 variant with impaired ssDNA binding activity is unable to complement vΔI3. This report provides definitive evidence that the vaccinia virus I3 protein is the replicative SSB and is essential for productive viral replication.IMPORTANCE Poxviruses are of historical and contemporary importance as infectious agents, vaccines, and oncolytic therapeutics. The cytoplasmic replication of poxviruses is unique among DNA viruses of mammalian cells and necessitates that the double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome encode the viral replication machinery. This study focuses on the I3 protein. As a ssDNA binding protein (SSB), I3 has been presumed to play essential roles in genome replication, recombination, and repair, although genetic analysis has been lacking. Herein, we report the characterization of an I3 deletion virus. In the absence of I3 expression, DNA replication is severely compromised and viral yield profoundly decreased. The production of infectious virus can be restored in a cell line expressing WT I3 but not in a cell line expressing an I3 mutant that is defective in ssDNA binding activity. These data show conclusively that I3 is an essential viral protein and functions as the viral replicative SSB.

Keywords: DNA replication; I3; SSB; complementing cell line; deletion virus; molecular genetics; poxvirus; vaccinia virus.