Lopinavir (LPV), an antiretroviral protease inhibitor frequently prescribed in HIV-positive pregnancies, is a substrate of Abcb1 and Abcc2. As differences in placental expression of these transporters were seen in Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) -/- mice, we examined the impact of placental transporter expression and fetal PXR genotype on the fetal accumulation of LPV. PXR +/- dams bearing PXR +/+, PXR +/-, and PXR -/- fetuses were generated by mating PXR +/- female mice with PXR +/- males. On gestational day 17, dams were administered 10 mg/kg LPV (i.v.) and sacrificed 30 min post injection. Concentrations of LPV in maternal plasma and fetal tissue were measured by LC-MS/MS, and transporter expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. As compared to the PXR +/+ fetal units, placental expression of Abcb1a, Abcc2, and Abcg2 mRNA were two- to three-fold higher in PXR -/- fetuses (p < 0.05). Two-fold higher fetal:maternal LPV concentration ratios were also seen in the PXR +/+ as compared to the PXR -/- fetuses (p < 0.05), and this significantly correlated to the placental expression of Abcb1a (r = 0.495; p < 0.005). Individual differences in the expression of placental transporters due to genetic or environmental factors can impact fetal exposure to their substrates.
Keywords: P-glycoprotein; Pregnane X Receptor; antiretrovirals; breast cancer resistance protein; gene regulation; knockout mice; multidrug resistance associated protein; placenta; protease inhibitor; transporters.