[Movement disorders: An update]

Abstract

Movement disorders (tremor, chorea, dystonia, tics, and myoclonus) are related to basal ganglia and/or interconnected brain areas dysfunction. Clinical examination is a key point in order to characterize the abnormal movement and identify associated signs that can guide etiological approach. Iatrogenic diseases will be systematically ruled out before conducting additional investigations (brain MRI, electrophysiological studies). Wilson disease, but also other treatable metabolic and/or genetic diseases, and auto-immune diseases will be systematically considered. Therapeutic management is symptomatic and based on specific oral drugs appropriate to each movement disorders. In some cases, radiosurgery and deep brain stimulation should be helpful, especially for tremor and generalized dystonia.

Keywords: Basal ganglia; Deep brain stimulation; Ganglions de la base; Maladies métaboliques traitables; Mouvements anormaux; Movement disorders; Neurogenetics; Neurogénétique; Stimulation cérébrale profonde; Treatable metabolic diseases.