Occlusal loading during biting from an experimental and simulation point of view

Abstract

Objectives: Occlusal loading during clenching and biting is achieved by the action of the masticatory system, and forms the basis for the evaluation of the functional performance of prosthodontic and maxillofacial components. This review provides an overview of (i) current bite force measurement techniques and their limitations and (ii) the use of computational modelling to predict bite force. A brief simulation study highlighting the challenges of current computational dental models is also presented.

Methods: Appropriate studies were used to highlight the development and current bite force measurement methodologies and state-of-the-art simulation for computing bite forces using biomechanical models.

Results: While a number of strategies have been developed to measure occlusal forces in three-dimensions, the use of strain-gauges, piezo-electric sensors and pressure sheets remain the most widespread. In addition to experimental-based measurement techniques, bite force may be also estimated using computational models of the masticatory system. Simulations of different bite force models clearly show that the use of three-dimensional force measurements enriches the evaluation of masticatory functional performance.

Significance: Hence, combining computational modelling with three-dimensional force measurement techniques can significantly improve the evaluation of masticatory system and the functional performance of prosthodontic components.

Keywords: Bite force measurement; Bite force simulation; Finite element method; Occlusal loads; Virtual testing.