Knowledge about environmental impacts associated with the application of anaerobic digestion residue to agricultural land is of interest owing to the rapid proliferation of biogas plants worldwide. However, virtually no information exists concerning how soil-emitted NO is affected by the feedstock hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the biogas digester. Here, the O planar optode technique was used to visualize soil O dynamics following the surface application of digestates of the codigestion of pig slurry and agro-industrial waste. We also used NO isotopomer analysis of soil-emitted NO to determine the NO production pathways, i.e., nitrification or denitrification. Two-dimensional images of soil O indicated that anoxic and hypoxic conditions developed at 2.0- and 1.5-cm soil depth for soil amended with the digestate produced with 15-d (PO15) and 30-d (PO30) retention time, respectively. Total NO emissions were significantly lower for PO15 than PO30 due to the greater expansion of the anoxic zone, which enhanced NO reduction via complete denitrification. However, cumulative CO emissions were not significantly different between PO15 and PO30 for the entire incubation period. During incubation, NO emissions came from both nitrification and denitrification in amended soils. Increasing the HRT of the biogas digester appears to induce significant NO emissions, but it is unlikely to affect the NO production pathways after application to soil.
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