Canola and hydrogenated soybean oils accelerate ectopic bone formation induced by implantation of bone morphogenetic protein in mice

Yoko Hashimoto; Mayumi Mori; Shuichiro Kobayashi; Akira Hanya; Shin-Ichi Watanabe; Naoki Ohara; Toshihide Noguchi; Tatsushi Kawai; Harumi Okuyama

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.021

Canola and hydrogenated soybean oils accelerate ectopic bone formation induced by implantation of bone morphogenetic protein in mice

Toxicol Rep. 2014 Nov 4:1:955-962. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.10.021. eCollection 2014.

Authors

Yoko Hashimoto¹, Mayumi Mori², Shuichiro Kobayashi³, Akira Hanya⁴, Shin-Ichi Watanabe⁵, Naoki Ohara⁵, Toshihide Noguchi³, Tatsushi Kawai⁶, Harumi Okuyama⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
² Department of Pharmacology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kawasumi, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
³ Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
⁴ Food Research Center, Aichi Center for Industry and Science Technology, 2-1-1 Shinpukuji-cho, Nishi-ku, Nagoya 451-0083, Japan.
⁵ Kinjo Gakuin University College of Pharmacy, Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8521, Japan.
⁶ Department of Dental Material Science, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.

Abstract

Canola oil (Can) and hydrogenated soybean oil (H2-Soy) are commonly used edible oils. However, in contrast to soybean oil (Soy), they shorten the survival of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (SHRSP) rats. It has been proposed that the adverse effects of these oils on the kidney and testis are caused at least in part by dihydro-vitamin K (VK) 1 in H2-Soy and unidentified component(s) in Can. Increased intake of dihydro-VK1 is associated with decreased tissue VK2 levels and bone mineral density in rats and humans, respectively. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of these oils on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced ectopic bone formation, which is promoted by VK2 deficiency, in relation to the role of VK in the γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein. A crude extract of BMPs was implanted into a gap in the fascia of the femoral muscle in 5-week-old mice maintained on a Soy, Can, or H2-Soy diet. Newly formed bone volume, assessed by three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction imaging for bone, was 4-fold greater in the Can and H2-Soy groups than in the Soy group. The plasma carboxylated osteocalcin (Gla-OC) and total OC (Gla-OC plus undercarboxylated osteocalcin [Glu-OC]) levels were significantly lower in the Can group than in the Soy group (p < 0.05). However, these levels did not significantly differ between the H2-Soy and Soy groups. The plasma Gla-OC/Glu-OC ratio in the Can and H2-Soy groups was significantly lower (in Can; p = 0.044) or was almost significantly lower (in H2-Soy; p = 0.053) than that in the Soy group. In conclusion, Can and H2-Soy accelerated BMP-induced bone formation in mice to a greater extent than Soy. Further research is required to evaluate whether the difference in accelerated ectopic bone formation is associated with altered levels of VK2 and VK-dependent protein(s) among the three dietary groups.

Keywords: 4056): Vitamin K3 (PubChem CID: 4055); BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; Bone morphogenetic protein; Can, canola oil; Canola oil; Dihydro-vitamin K1 (PubChem CID: 152059); Ectopic calcification; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; Gla, carboxyglutamic acid; Gla-OC, carboxylated osteocalcin; Glu-OC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin; H2-Soy, hydrogenated soybean oil; Hydrogenated soybean oil; Matrix Gla protein; Osteocalcin; SHRSP rat, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat; Soy, soybean oil; TRI/3D-BON, three-dimensional reconstruction imaging for bone; VK, vitamin K; Vitamin K; Vitamin K1 (PubChem CID: 52384607); Vitamin K1 hydroquinone (PubChem CID: 5280585); Vitamin K2 (PubChem CID; cMGP, carboxylated matrix Gla protein; dihydro-VK1, 2′, 3′-dihydro-vitamin K1; mCT, micro-computed tomography; ucMGP, undercarboxylated MGP.