Multi-functional phenolic emulsifiers were prepared by covalently coupling β-Lactoglobulin (βLg) to caffeic acid (CA) using crosslinker chemistry at different pH conditions (pH 2.5, 6.0, and 8.5). The resulting bioconjugates were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence-quenching, infrared and circular dichroism spectroscopies. Furthermore, the emulsifying and antioxidant properties of βLg-CA conjugates were evaluated and compared to native β-Lactoglobulin and the non-covalent β-lactoglobulin/caffeic complex (βLg/CA). Results showed: 1) An optimal molar ratio (8:1) of caffeic acid to βLg was obtained at pH 6; 2) DPPH activity of βLg-CA increases as the number of CA units coupled increases; 3) βLg-CA conjugates displayed comparable or superior water solubility than native βLg and βLg/CA. Moreover, DSC results showed that coupling of CA with βLg significantly increased the thermal stability of βLg. In summary, βLg-CA conjugates can act as effective antioxidant emulsifiers and stabilizers and may find application in food and cosmetic industries.
Keywords: Antioxidant properties; Caffeic acid; Emulsion system; Protein-phenolic conjugate; β-Lactoglobulin.
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