Complications related to hemodialysis vascular access continue to have a major impact on morbidity and mortality. Vascular access dysfunction is the single most important factor that determines the quality of dialysis treatment. Vascular access stenosis is a common complication that develops in a great majority of patients with an arteriovenous access and leads to access dysfunction. By restricting luminal diameter, this complication leads to a reduction in blood flow and places the access at risk for thrombosis. Similarly, the development of catheter-related fibroepithelial sheath also causes catheter dysfunction with its detrimental effects on blood flow. In this article, we discuss the most common complications associated with dialysis access and provide therapeutic options to manage these problems.
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