Rewetting after precipitation events plays an important role in regulating soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover processes in arid and semiarid ecosystems. Here, we conducted a 48-h rewetting simulation experiment with measurements of soil C and N mineralization rates (R C and R N, respectively) and microbial biomass N (MBN) at high temporal resolution to explore the pulse responses of R C and R N. R C and R N responded strongly and rapidly to rewetting over the short term. The maximum R C value (because of pulse effects) ranged from 16.53 to 19.33 µg C gsoil-1 h-1, observed 10 min after rewetting. The maximum R N varied from 22.86 to 40.87 µg N gsoil-1 h-1, appearing 5-6 h after rewetting. The responses of soil microbial growth to rewetting were rapid, and the maximum MBN was observed 2-3 h after rewetting. Unexpectedly, there was no correlation between R C, R N, and MBN during the process of rewetting, and R C and R N were uncoupled. In sum, the pulse responses of R C, R N, and microbial growth to simulated rewetting were rapid, strong, and asynchronous, which offers insights into the different responses of microbes to rewetting and mechanisms behind microbes.