Detecting stable individual differences in the functional organization of the human basal ganglia

Abstract

Moving from group level to individual level functional parcellation maps is a critical step for developing a rich understanding of the links between individual variation in functional network architecture and cognitive and clinical phenotypes. Still, the identification of functional units in the brain based on intrinsic functional connectivity and its dynamic variations between and within subjects remains challenging. Recently, the bootstrap analysis of stable clusters (BASC) framework was developed to quantify the stability of functional brain networks both across and within subjects. This multi-level approach utilizes bootstrap resampling for both individual and group-level clustering to delineate functional units based on their consistency across and within subjects, while providing a measure of their stability. Here, we optimized the BASC framework for functional parcellation of the basal ganglia by investigating a variety of clustering algorithms and similarity measures. Reproducibility and test-retest reliability were computed to validate this analytic framework as a tool to describe inter-individual differences in the stability of functional networks. The functional parcellation revealed by stable clusters replicated previous divisions found in the basal ganglia based on intrinsic functional connectivity. While we found moderate to high reproducibility, test-retest reliability was high at the boundaries of the functional units as well as within their cores. This is interesting because the boundaries between functional networks have been shown to explain most individual phenotypic variability. The current study provides evidence for the consistency of the parcellation of the basal ganglia, and provides the first group level parcellation built from individual-level cluster solutions. These novel results demonstrate the utility of BASC for quantifying inter-individual differences in the functional organization of brain regions, and encourage usage in future studies.