Exposure to ambient dichloromethane in pregnancy and infancy from industrial sources and childhood cancers in California

Abstract

Background: The incidence of childhood cancers has been increasing and environmental exposure to air toxics has been suggested as a possible risk factor. This study aims to explore ambient exposure to dichloromethane (methylene chloride).

Methods: We frequency matched by birth year approximately 20 cancer-free controls identified from birth records to all childhood cancers ages 0-5 in the California Cancer Registry diagnosed from 1988 to 2012; i.e. 13,636 cases and a total of 270,673 controls. Information on industrial releases of dichloromethane within 3km of birth addresses was retrieved from mandatory industry reports to the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). We derived exposure to dichloromethane within close vicinity of birth residences using several modeling techniques including unconditional logistic regression models with multiple buffer distances, inverse distance weighting, and quadratic decay models.

Results: We observed elevated risks for germ cell tumors [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.52, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.11, 2.08], particularly teratomas (OR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.38-3.13), and possible increased risk for acute myeloid leukemias (AML) (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.15-2.32 in the quadratic decay model). Risk estimates were similar in magnitude whether releases occurred in pregnancy or the child's first year of life.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that exposure to industrial dichloromethane releases may be a risk factor for childhood germ cell tumors, teratomas, and possibly AML.

Keywords: Ambient exposure; Childhood cancer; Dichloromethane; Industrial release; Pregnancy; dichloromethane (PubChem CID: 6344).