Brief psychosis induced by methylphenidate in a child with attention deficit disorder: a case report and literature review

Medwave. 2017 Jun 21;17(5):e6980. doi: 10.5867/medwave.2017.05.6980.
[Article in Spanish, English]

Abstract

Methylphenidate-induced psychosis has been scarcely studied due to bioethical and neurobiological issues regarding its research. Although some authors have hypothesized that there might be a vulnerability for the development of a major psychiatric disorder in the long term, there is no agreement about the predictive value of this type of psychosis in children and adolescents, and its origin is also uncertain. It has been suggested that higher dopamine levels in some cerebral regions and a family history of mental disorders might increase the risk of psychosis secondary to psychostimulants. We present the case of a nine-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, who exhibited visual and auditory hallucinations and delirious ideas about harm during methylphenidate treatment. The patient’s symptoms regressed after drug removal. We discuss the key issues related to the origin, causality, management, and prognosis of psychostimulant-induced psychosis.

La psicosis inducida por metilfenidato ha sido escasamente estudiada debido a los problemas bioéticos y neurobiológicos relacionados con su investigación. Si bien evidenciaría una vulnerabilidad a largo plazo para el desarrollo de un trastorno psiquiátrico mayor, no hay consenso sobre su valor predictivo en la población infanto-juvenil, mientras que su origen es incierto. Se ha sugerido que los mayores niveles de dopamina en ciertas zonas cerebrales y el antecedente familiar de algunos trastornos mentales, aumentaría el riesgo de presentar psicosis secundaria a psicoestimulantes. Presentamos el caso de un niño de nueve años de edad, con diagnóstico de trastorno por déficit de atención comórbido a una oposición desafiante, que durante el tratamiento con metilfenidato presentó alucinaciones visuales y auditivas e ideas deliriosas de daño que cedieron con la suspensión del fármaco. Se discuten los principales aspectos relacionados con el origen, la causalidad, el manejo y el pronóstico de la psicosis inducida por psicoestimulantes.

Keywords: attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; methylphenidate; psychotic disorders.

Publication types

  • Case Reports
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / drug therapy
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants / administration & dosage
  • Central Nervous System Stimulants / adverse effects*
  • Child
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Methylphenidate / administration & dosage
  • Methylphenidate / adverse effects*
  • Psychoses, Substance-Induced / diagnosis
  • Psychoses, Substance-Induced / etiology*
  • Psychoses, Substance-Induced / physiopathology

Substances

  • Central Nervous System Stimulants
  • Methylphenidate