The aim of this article is to identify the main factors that affect future trends in healthcare expenditures from the perspective of the anticipated ageing of the population. Attention shall be focused on the elderly demography, the inhabitants’ pensions and their expenditures on drugs. The article also shows the results of acase study concerning the use of particular types of drugs by elderly people in the Czech Republic and in European union. For the purpose of this article, Iemployed aliterature search method that uses available sources describing the determinants of public healthcare expenditure and the use of selected types of drugs by the ageing population. The current situation in EU Member Countries is addressed through an analysis of public expenditure using data from public databases, such as Eurostat or OECD. The types of drugs designed for the ageing population are focused on the Czech Republic. It follows from the executed analysis that the basic determinants of public healthcare expenditure are the demographic structure, income, the legislative conditions and productivity. The aim of effective public health care spending should not only be to achieve ahigher age, but also to enable the inhabitants to prolong the period of their work productivity and self-sufficiency. Aging population defines market opportunities open to companies from various sectors.