[Neuronal glycolipids regulate glial cell division negatively during development and following a lesion]

Rev Neurol. 2017 Jun 16;64(12):549-567.
[Article in Spanish]

Abstract

Glial cells in the central nervous system of adult mammals outnumber neurons 10-fold. Their number remains stationary throughout adulthood, controlled by the concomitant presence of mitogens and mitogen inhibitors. The most abundant inhibitor, neurostatin, is ganglioside GD1b O-acetylated on hydroxyl 9 of its outermost sialic acid. Neurostatin inhibited the proliferation of primary microglia and astroblasts in culture (cytostatic) as well as both rodent and human glioma cells (cytotoxic) at nanomolar concentrations. At those concentrations neurostatin had no effect on non-glial lineage cells or differentiated glia. Neurostatin shows direct antimitotic activity on tumoral cells, interfering with multiple signals regulating cell cycle progression. But it also promotes indirectly total destruction of experimental rat brain glioma, presumably by making it visible to the host immune system and activating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Neurostatin could be a new anti-inflammatory agent, with multiple convergent direct and indirect actions on glioma growth, a pathology without satisfactory clinical treatment. Neurostatin is produced by neurons but its expression is up-regulated by neuron-astrocyte contact. The action of neurostatin could be mediated by a number of receptor proteins, including integrins, Toll-like receptors and siglecs.

Title: Glicolipidos neuronales regulan negativamente la division glial durante el desarrollo y tras una lesion.

En el sistema nervioso central de los mamiferos, las celulas gliales superan diez veces en numero a las neuronas. Su numero permanente estacionario durante la edad adulta, controlado por la presencia simultanea de mitogenos gliales e inhibidores de esos mitogenos. El inhibidor mas abundante, la neurostatina, es el gangliosido GD1b O-acetilado en el grupo 9 del acido sialico mas externo. La neurostatina y los oligosacaridos sinteticos inhiben la proliferacion de astroblastos en cultivo primario (citostaticos) y de celulas de gliomas (citotoxicos), tanto de roedores como de humanos, en concentracion nanomolar. A esas concentraciones, la neurostatina no tuvo efecto sobre celulas de linaje no glial ni sobre glia madura. La neurostatina y sus analogos mostraron actividad antimitotica directa sobre las celulas tumorales, interfiriendo con la progresion del ciclo celular en multiples sitios, pero tambien actuaron indirectamente, haciendo visibles las celulas tumorales al sistema inmune del huesped y activando linfocitos CD4+ y CD8+. Analogos de neurostatina podrian generar nuevos farmacos antiinflamatorios, con multiples acciones directas e indirectas contra el crecimiento de gliomas, una patologia todavia sin tratamiento clinico satisfactorio. La neurostatina es producida por las neuronas, pero el contacto de estas con astrocitos estimula notablemente su expresion. La accion de la neurostatina puede estar mediada por numerosas proteinas receptoras, incluyendo integrinas, siglecs y receptores Toll-like.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Brain Injuries / metabolism
  • Brain Injuries / pathology*
  • Carbohydrate Conformation
  • Carbohydrate Sequence
  • Cell Division / drug effects
  • Cicatrix / physiopathology
  • Epidermal Growth Factor / physiology
  • Gangliosides / physiology
  • Glioma / drug therapy
  • Glioma / pathology
  • Glycolipids / physiology*
  • Glycosphingolipids / chemistry
  • Glycosphingolipids / pharmacology
  • Glycosphingolipids / physiology*
  • Glycosphingolipids / therapeutic use
  • Humans
  • Integrins / physiology
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / physiology
  • Macrophages / physiology
  • Mammals / physiology
  • Mice
  • Neural Stem Cells / physiology
  • Neurogenesis
  • Neuroglia / cytology*
  • Neurons / metabolism*
  • Spinal Cord Injuries / metabolism
  • Spinal Cord Injuries / pathology*
  • Toll-Like Receptors / physiology
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Substances

  • Gangliosides
  • Glycolipids
  • Glycosphingolipids
  • Integrins
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  • Toll-Like Receptors
  • neurostatin
  • Epidermal Growth Factor