Developing and retaining a high-quality medical workforce in low-resource countries is a worldwide challenge. The Filipino Ateneo de Zamboanga University-School of Medicine (ADZU-SOM) has adopted a strong focus on socially accountable health professional education (SAHPE) in order to address the shortage of physicians across rural and urban communities in the Western Mindanao region. A cross-sectional survey of graduates from two Philippines medical schools: ADZU-SOM in the Mindanao region and a medical school with a more conventional curriculum, found ADZU-SOM graduates were more likely to have joined the medical profession due to a desire to help others (p = 0.002), came from lower socioeconomic strata (p = 0.001) and had significantly (p < 0.05) more positive attitudes to community service. ADZU graduates were also more likely to currently work in Government Rural Health Units (p < 0.001) or be generalist Medical Officers (p < 0.001) or Rural/Municipal Health Officers (p = 0.003). ADZU graduates were also less likely to work in private or specialist Government hospitals (p = 0.033 and p = 0.040, respectively) and be surgical or medical specialists (p = 0.010 and p < 0.001, respectively). The findings suggest ADZU-SOM's SAHPE philosophy manifests in the practice choices of its graduates and that the ADZU-SOM can meet the rural and urban health workforce needs of the Western Mindanao region.