Current state of knowledge on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of the genus Hymenaea

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Plants of the genus Hymenaea (Fabaceae) are used in South American and Asian traditional medicines to treat a multitude of disorders, like cough, diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal colic, pulmonary weakness, asthma, anemia, sore throat, and for the treatment of kidney problems, viral related disorders, chronic cystitis, bronchitis, and bladder infections. Some Hymenaea species are also used as vermifuge, and for the treatment of arthritis, and inflammation conditions. This review deals with updated information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of ethnomedicinally important Hymenaea species in order to provide an input for the future research prospects.

Methods: Literature available in various recognized databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus, Springer, Wiley, ACS, Scielo and Web of Science, as well as from theses, dissertations, books, reports, and other relevant websites (www.theplantlist.org), are surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. Herein, the literature related to chemical constituents and pharmacological activities were searched in November 2016.

Results: The literature provided information on ethnopharmacological uses of the South American and African species of the genus Hymenaea (e.g., H. courbaril, H. stigonocarpa, H. onblogifolia, H. martiana, H. parvifolia (South America) and H. verrucosa (African species)) for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases. From these plant species, more than 130 compounds, including fatty acids, flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids, phthalides, phenolic acids, procyanidins and coumarins were identified. Experimental evidences confirmed that the Hymenaea spp. could be used in treating inflammatory disorders, asthma, diarrhea, and some microbial infections. However, reports on the toxicity of Hymenaea species remain scarce.

Conclusion: Plants of this genus have offered bioactive samples, both from crude extracts and pure compounds, thus substantiating their effectiveness in traditional medicine. However, intensive investigations of all the species of Hymenaea spp. relating to phytochemical and pharmacological properties, especially their mechanism of action, safety and efficacy could be the future introspection.

Keywords: (-)-(1′S,2S)-α-Bisabolol (PubChem CID: 1549992); (-)-(E)- Caryophyllene oxide (PubChem CID: 1742210); (-)-(E)-Caryophyllene (PubChem CID: 5354499); (-)-Epicatechin (PubChem CID: 72276); (-)-Kolavenic acid (PubChem CID: 6441458); (-)-Methyl (-)-copalate (PubChem CID: 13858180); (-)-Ozic acid (PubChem CID: 12303813); (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid (PubChem CID: 5282767); (Z)-9-Eicosenoic acid (PubChem CID: 5312523); (Z)-Caryophyllene (PubChem CID: 5322111); (Z)-β-Farnesene (PubChem CID: 5281517); 1-epi-Cubenol (PubChem CID: 519857); 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (PubChem CID: 135); 7-Methoxy catechin (PubChem CID: 44257125); 7-epi-Sesquithujene (PubChem CID: 56927990); Arachidic acid (PubChem CID: 10467); Aromadendrene (PubChem CID: 11095734); Astilbin (PubChem CID: 119258); Behenic acid (PubChem CID: 8215); Bicyclogermacrene (PubChem CID: 5315347); Calarene (PubChem CID: 15560278); Campesterol (PubChem CID: 173183); Camphoric acid (PubChem CID: 219463); Caprylic acid (PubChem CID: 379); Copalic acid (PubChem CID: 11162521); Cyclosativene (PubChem CID: 16212927); Cyperene (PubChem CID: 12308843); Engelitin (PubChem CID: 6453452); Eperuic acid (PubChem CID: 12309485); Erucic acid (PubChem CID: 5281116); Ethnomedicine; Eucryfin (PubChem CID: 5488575); Fisetin (PubChem CID: 5281614); Fisetinediol (PubChem CID: 442397); Fustin (PubChem CID: 5317435); Germacrene B (PubChem CID: 9281519); Germacrene D (PubChem CID: 5317570); Globulol (PubChem CID: 12304985); Guamaic acid (PubChem CID: 101297672); Humulene epoxide II (PubChem CID: 10704181); Hymenaea spp.; Ipomopsin (PubChem CID: 5491777); Isoozic acid (PubChem CID: 100983062); Lauric acid (PubChem CID: 3893); Levomenol (PubChem CID: 442343); Linoleic acid (PubChem CID: 5820450); Linolenic acid (PubChem CID: 5280934); Margaric acid (PubChem CID: 10465); Methyl (-)-kolavenate (PubChem CID: 13918497); Mustakone (PubChem CID: 102316377); Myristic acid (PubChem CID: 11005); Neoastilbin (PubChem CID: 442437); Oleic acid (PubChem CID: 445639); Palmitic acid (PubChem CID: 985); Palmitoleic acid (PubChem CID: 445638); Pentadecanoic acid (PubChem CID: 13849); Pharmacology; Pharmacopeia; Phytochemistry; Quercetin (PubChem CID: 5280343); Quesnoin (PubChem CID: 101837763); Selin-11-en-4-α-ol (PubChem CID: 15560330); Selina-4(14),7-diene (PubChem CID: 524199); Spathulenol (PubChem CID: 92231); Stearic acid (PubChem CID: 5281); Stigmasterol (PubChem CID: 5280794); Taxifolin (PubChem CID: 439533); Toxicology; Zanzibaric acid (PubChem CID: 101289556); allo-Aromadendrene (PubChem CID: 10899740); cis-Muurola-3,5-diene (PubChem CID: 6429206); trans-Cadina-1,4-diene (PubChem CID: 6430869); trans-Calamenene (PubChem CID: 6429022); trans-Muurolol (PubChem CID: 3084331); α-Cadinene (PubChem CID: 12306048); α-Calacorene (PubChem CID: 12302243); α-Copaene (PubChem CID: 92042749); α-Cubebene (PubChem CID 86609); α-Himachalene (PubChem CID: 11830551); α-Humulene (PubChem CID: 5281520); α-Muurolene (PubChem CID: 12306047); α-Selinene (PubChem CID: 10856614); α-Ylangene (PubChem CID: 442409); α-trans-Bergamotene (PubChem CID: 86608); β-Bourbonene (PubChem CID: 62566); β-Copaene (PubChem CID: 21722369); β-Elemene (PubChem CID: 6918391); β-Humulene (PubChem CID: 5318102); β-Selinene (PubChem CID: 442393); γ-Cadinene (PubChem CID: 92313); γ-Muurolene (PubChem CID: 12313020); γ-Sitosterol (PubChem CID: 457801); δ-Amorphene (PubChem CID: 12306059); δ-Cadinene (PubChem CID: 441005); δ-Elemene (PubChem CID: 89316).