Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Exhibit High Avidity Binding and Modulation of B Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling to Drive Efficacy against Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Biomacromolecules. 2017 Jun 12;18(6):1893-1907. doi: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00335. Epub 2017 May 17.

Abstract

A pressing need exists for antigen-specific immunotherapies (ASIT) that induce selective tolerance in autoimmune disease while avoiding deleterious global immunosuppression. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays (SAgAPLP:LABL), consisting of a hyaluronic acid (HA) linear polymer backbone cografted with multiple copies of autoantigen (PLP) and cell adhesion inhibitor (LABL) peptides, are designed to induce tolerance to a specific multiple sclerosis (MS) autoantigen. Previous studies established that hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL, employing a degradable linker to codeliver PLP and LABL, was therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in vivo and exhibited antigen-specific binding with B cells, targeted the B cell receptor (BCR), and dampened BCR-mediated signaling in vitro. Our results pointed to sustained BCR engagement as the SAgAPLP:LABL therapeutic mechanism, so we developed a new version of the SAgA molecule using nonhydrolyzable conjugation chemistry, hypothesizing it would enhance and maintain the molecule's action at the cell surface to improve efficacy. "Click SAgA" (cSAgAPLP:LABL) uses hydrolytically stable covalent conjugation chemistry (Copper-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC)) rather than a hydrolyzable oxime bond to attach PLP and LABL to HA. We explored cSAgAPLP:LABL B cell engagement and modulation of BCR-mediated signaling in vitro through flow cytometry binding and calcium flux signaling assays. Indeed, cSAgAPLP:LABL exhibited higher avidity B cell binding and greater dampening of BCR-mediated signaling than hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL. Furthermore, cSAgAPLP:LABL exhibited significantly enhanced in vivo efficacy compared to hydrolyzable SAgAPLP:LABL, achieving equivalent efficacy at one-quarter of the dose. These results indicate that nonhydrolyzable conjugation increased the avidity of cSAgAPLP:LABL to drive in vivo efficacy through modulated BCR-mediated signaling.

MeSH terms

  • Alkynes / chemistry
  • Animals
  • Autoantigens / chemistry
  • Autoantigens / genetics
  • Autoantigens / immunology
  • Azides / chemistry
  • B-Lymphocytes / drug effects*
  • B-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • B-Lymphocytes / pathology
  • Calcium Signaling
  • Cell Adhesion / drug effects
  • Cell Line
  • Cycloaddition Reaction
  • Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / immunology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / pathology
  • Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / therapy*
  • Gene Expression Regulation
  • Humans
  • Hyaluronic Acid / chemistry
  • Immune Tolerance / drug effects
  • Immunoconjugates / chemistry
  • Immunoconjugates / genetics
  • Immunoconjugates / pharmacology*
  • Injections, Subcutaneous
  • Mice
  • Peptides / chemical synthesis
  • Peptides / immunology
  • Protein Array Analysis / methods*
  • Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / genetics
  • Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell / immunology

Substances

  • Alkynes
  • Autoantigens
  • Azides
  • Immunoconjugates
  • Peptides
  • Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
  • Hyaluronic Acid