The effect of dietary Chlorella vulgaris inclusion on goat's milk chemical composition, fatty acids profile and enzymes activities related to oxidation

E Tsiplakou; M A M Abdullah; A Mavrommatis; M Chatzikonstantinou; D Skliros; K Sotirakoglou; E Flemetakis; N E Labrou; G Zervas

doi:10.1111/jpn.12671

The effect of dietary Chlorella vulgaris inclusion on goat's milk chemical composition, fatty acids profile and enzymes activities related to oxidation

J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2018 Feb;102(1):142-151. doi: 10.1111/jpn.12671. Epub 2017 Apr 26.

Authors

E Tsiplakou¹, M A M Abdullah¹, A Mavrommatis¹, M Chatzikonstantinou², D Skliros³, K Sotirakoglou⁴, E Flemetakis³, N E Labrou², G Zervas¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
² Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
³ Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁴ Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

PMID: 28447361
DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12671

Abstract

The impact of dietary supplementation with microalgae on goat's milk chemical composition, fatty acids (FA) profile and enzymes activities related to antioxidant mechanism has not been well documented. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris on the following: (i) milk yield, chemical composition and FA profile, (ii) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood plasma and (iii) the activities of SOD, GR and lactoperoxidase (LPO) in milk of goats. Furthermore, the oxidative stress indicators for measuring total antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity [ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays] and oxidative stress biomarkers [malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PC)] were also determined in blood plasma and milk of the animals. For this purpose, 16 cross-bred goats were divided into two homogenous groups. Each goat of both groups was fed individually with alfalfa hay and concentrates separately. The concentrates of the control group (Control) had no microalgae, while those of the Chlorella group were supplemented with 10 g lyophilized Chlorella vulgaris/kg concentrates (Chlorella). Thus, the average intake was 5.15 g Chlorella vulgaris/kg DM. The results showed that the dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris had not noticeable impact on goat's milk yield, chemical composition and FA profile. Significantly higher SOD (by 10.31%) and CAT (by 18.66%) activities in the blood plasma of goats fed with Chlorella vulgaris compared with the control were found. Moreover, the dietary supplementation with Chlorella vulgaris caused a significant increase in SOD (by 68.84%) activity and a reduction in PC (by 24.07%) content in goat's milk. In conclusion, the Chlorella vulgaris inclusion in goat's diets improved the antioxidant status of both animals and milk.

Keywords: antioxidant; caprine milk; dairy ruminants; microalgae.

MeSH terms

Animal Feed / analysis*
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
Animals
Antioxidants
Biomarkers
Chlorella vulgaris*
Diet / veterinary*
Dietary Supplements
Enzymes / blood
Enzymes / metabolism
Fatty Acids / chemistry
Female
Goats / physiology*
Lactation
Lipid Peroxidation
Milk / enzymology*
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidative Stress
Protein Carbonylation

Substances

Antioxidants
Biomarkers
Enzymes
Fatty Acids