Carotid Artery Stenting: Investigation of Plaque Protrusion Incidence and Prognosis

Abstract

Objectives: This study sought to clarify the incidence and prognosis of PP in carotid artery stenting (CAS).

Background: Projections thought to be plaque may be observed inside the stent on angiography or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) during CAS. Known as plaque protrusion (PP), the incidence and prognosis of this complication are unclear.

Methods: A total of 354 consecutive carotid atherosclerotic stenoses in 328 patients (285 men, 43 women; age range 51 to 97 years [mean age 73.6 years]; 158 symptomatic cases; stenosis rate, 50% to 99% [mean 81.0%]) who underwent CAS under IVUS between October 2007 and March 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. PP was defined as plaque seen inside the stent lumen on both digital subtraction angiography and IVUS. The incidence and prognosis (rate of stroke within 30 post-operative days) of PP and the rate of ischemic lesions on the treated side on diffusion-weighted imaging performed within 48 post-operative hours within the PP group were investigated.

Results: PP was observed in 9 cases (2.6%). Ischemic stroke occurred in 6 of 9 PP cases (66.7%; 1 major, 5 minor). Ischemic lesions were observed on diffusion-weighted imaging in 8 of 9 cases (88.9%). PP was strongly associated with perioperative ischemic stroke. A significant increase in PP susceptibility was observed with open-cell stent use and unstable plaque.

Conclusions: The incidence of PP in CAS was 2.6%, with a high risk of ischemic complications if PP was observed. The present findings indicate the necessity of appropriate device selection to avoid PP.

Keywords: IVUS; carotid artery stenting; intravascular ultrasound; plaque prolapse; plaque protrusion.