Smart design of polymeric materials may lead to intelligent materials exhibiting unique functional properties. Looking at nature, living systems use specific and reversible intermolecular interactions in realizing complex functions. Hence reversible bonds based on selective molecular recognition can impart artificial materials with unique functional properties. This review mainly focuses on supramolecular polymeric materials based on cyclodextrin-based host-guest interactions. Polymeric materials using molecular recognition at polymer main chain, side chain, and termini are described. Polymers carrying host and guest residues exhibit unique properties such as: 1) formation of macroscopic self-assembly of polymer gels carrying host and guest residues; 2) stimuli-responsive self-healing properties due to the reversible nature of host-guest interactions; and 3) macroscopic motion of artificial muscle cross-linked by host-guest interaction controlled by external stimuli. An overview of recent developments in this new frontier between materials science and life science is given.