Objective: The human placenta is known to calcify with advancing gestational age, and, in fact, the presence of significant calcifications is one of the components of grade III placenta, typical of late gestation. As such, the presence of significant placental calcifications often prompts obstetric providers to expedite delivery. This practice has been attributed, in part, to the presumed association between grade III placenta and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Such approach, however, can be the source of major anxiety and may lead to unnecessary induction of labor, with its associated predisposition to cesarean delivery as well as a myriad of maternal and neonatal morbidities. The objective of this study was to examine the association between grade III placental calcifications and pregnancy outcomes.
Materials and methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed for studies evaluating the association between grade III placenta and a number of pregnancy outcomes, including labor induction, fetal distress (abnormal fetal heart tracing), low Apgar score (less than 7 at 5 min), need for neonatal resuscitation, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, perinatal death, meconium liquor, and low birth weight.
Results: There was a five-fold increase in risk of labor induction with the presence of grade III placenta (OR 5.41; 95% CI 2.98-9.82). There was no association between grade III placenta and the incidence of abnormal fetal heart tracing (OR 1.62; 95% CI 0.94-2.78), low Apgar score of less than 7 at 5 min (OR 1.68; 95% CI 0.84-3.36), need for neonatal resuscitation (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.67-1.75), and admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.21-3.74). In turn, the incidence of meconium liquor was higher in the setting of grade III placentae (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.17-2.39). Similarly, a positive association between grade III placental calcifications and low birth weight (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.19-2.22) and perinatal death (OR 7.41; 95% CI 4.94-11.09) was identified.
Conclusion: The study alerts us to a significant association between grade 3 placental calcifications and labor induction, although it demonstrates that these sonographic findings do not appear to predispose to fetal distress, low Apgar score, need for neonatal resuscitation, or admission to the NICU.
Keywords: Calcifications; fetal growth restriction; outcome; placenta; pregnancy.