Soft, Wet-Chemical Synthesis of Metastable Superparamagnetic Hexagonal Close-Packed Nickel Nanoparticles in Different Ionic Liquids

Susann Wegner; Christina Rutz; Kai Schütte; Juri Barthel; Alexey Bushmelev; Annette Schmidt; Katharina Dilchert; Roland A Fischer; Christoph Janiak

doi:10.1002/chem.201605251

Soft, Wet-Chemical Synthesis of Metastable Superparamagnetic Hexagonal Close-Packed Nickel Nanoparticles in Different Ionic Liquids

Chemistry. 2017 May 5;23(26):6330-6340. doi: 10.1002/chem.201605251. Epub 2017 Apr 7.

Authors

Susann Wegner¹, Christina Rutz¹, Kai Schütte¹, Juri Barthel², Alexey Bushmelev³, Annette Schmidt³, Katharina Dilchert⁴, Roland A Fischer⁴, Christoph Janiak¹

Affiliations

¹ Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204, Düsseldorf, Germany.
² Gemeinschaftslabor für Elektronenmikroskopie RWTH-Aachen, Ernst Ruska-Centrum für Mikroskopie und Spektroskopie mit Elektronen, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
³ Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cologne, Luxemburger Str. 116, 50939, Cologne, Germany.
⁴ Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Metallorganische Chemie, TU München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.

PMID: 28196305
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605251

Abstract

The microwave-induced decomposition of bis{N,N'-diisopropylacetamidinate}nickel(II) [Ni{MeC(NiPr)₂ }₂ ] or bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(COD)₂ ] in imidazolium-, pyridinium-, or thiophenium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions (tetrafluoroborate, [BF₄ ]^- , hexafluorophosphate, [PF₆ ]^- , and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [NTf₂ ]^- ) yields small, uniform nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs), which are stable in the absence of capping ligands (surfactants) for more than eight weeks. The soft, wet-chemical synthesis yields the metastable Ni hexagonal close-packed (hcp) and not the stable Ni face-centered cubic (fcc) phase. The size of the nickel nanoparticles increases with the molecular volume of the used anions from about 5 nm for [BF₄ ]^- to ≈10 nm for [NTf₂ ]^- (with 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cations). The n-butyl-pyridinium, [BPy]⁺ , cation ILs reproducibly yield very small nickel nanoparticles of 2(±1) nm average diameter. The Ni NPs were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis shows an increase of the binding energy (E_B ) of the electron from the Ni 2p_3/2 orbital of the very small 2(±1) nm diameter Ni particles by about 0.3 eV to E_B =853.2 eV compared with bulk Ni⁰ , which is traced to the small cluster size. The Ni nanoparticles show superparamagnetic behavior from 150 K up to room temperature. The saturation magnetization of a Ni (2±1 nm) sample from [BPy][NTf₂ ] is 2.08 A m² kg^-1 and of a Ni (10±4 nm) sample from [LMIm][NTf₂ ] it is 0.99 A m² kg^-1 , ([LMIm]=1-lauryl-3-methyl- imidazolium). The Ni NPs were active catalysts in IL dispersions for 1-hexene or benzene hydrogenation. Over 90 % conversion was reached under 5 bar H₂ in 1 h at 100 °C for 1-hexene and a turnover frequency (TOF) up to 1330 mol_hexane (mol_Ni )^-1 h^-1 or in 60 h at 100 °C for benzene hydrogenation and TOF=23 mol_cyclohexane (mol_Ni )^-1 h^-1 .

Keywords: hexagonal close-packing; ionic liquids; nickel amidinate; nickel nanoparticles; soft wet-chemical synthesis.