Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles

Georgios Karavalakis; Nicholas Gysel; Debra A Schmitz; Arthur K Cho; Constantinos Sioutas; James J Schauer; David R Cocker; Thomas D Durbin

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.187

Impact of biodiesel on regulated and unregulated emissions, and redox and proinflammatory properties of PM emitted from heavy-duty vehicles

Sci Total Environ. 2017 Apr 15:584-585:1230-1238. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.187. Epub 2017 Jan 30.

Authors

Georgios Karavalakis¹, Nicholas Gysel², Debra A Schmitz³, Arthur K Cho³, Constantinos Sioutas⁴, James J Schauer⁵, David R Cocker², Thomas D Durbin²

Affiliations

¹ University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: gkaraval@cert.ucr.edu.
² University of California, Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
³ Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, UCLA Center for Health Sciences, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
⁴ University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 3620 South Vermont Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
⁵ University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, 660 North Park Street, Madison, WI, USA.

PMID: 28148458
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.187

Abstract

The emissions and the potential health effects of particulate matter (PM) were assessed from two heavy-duty trucks with and without emission control aftertreatment systems when operating on CARB ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and three different biodiesel blends. The CARB ULSD was blended with soy-based biodiesel, animal fat biodiesel, and waste cooking oil biodiesel at 50vol%. Testing was conducted over the EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) in triplicate for both trucks. The aftertreatment controls effectively decreased PM mass and number emissions, as well as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared to the uncontrolled truck. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) exhibited increases with the biodiesel blends, showing some feedstock dependency for the controlled truck. The oxidative potential of the emitted PM, measured by means of the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay, showed reductions with the use of biodiesel blends relative to CARB ULSD for the uncontrolled truck. Overall, the cellular responses to the particles from each fuel were reflective of the chemical content, i.e., particles from CARB ULSD were the most reactive and exhibited the highest cellular responses.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Emissions; Heavy-duty diesel trucks; Oxidative stress; Particles; Toxicity.

MeSH terms

Air Pollutants / adverse effects*
Animals
Biofuels*
Gasoline
Inflammation
Mice
Motor Vehicles
Oxidation-Reduction
Oxidative Stress
Particulate Matter / adverse effects*
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
RAW 264.7 Cells
Vehicle Emissions*

Substances

Air Pollutants
Biofuels
Gasoline
Particulate Matter
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Vehicle Emissions