The current article analyzes existing mechanisms for public participation in health systems in the countries of Southern Europe. Results are presented from a literature review focusing on public participation in health systems, highlighting the potentialities and challenges emerging from the principal national experiences in the respective countries: Spain, Greece, Italy, and Portugal. The article begins by characterizing the health systems, then presents the methodology followed by the results of the analysis in each country, emphasizing the different forms of participation, both institutionalized and non-institutionalized. The study's principal conclusion is that a legislative discourse has prevailed, which in most cases has not materialized in actual participatory practices; meanwhile, non-institutionalized forms of participation have emerged with a special leading role in the health area, featuring protests, largely spurred by the current economic crisis.