Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT) represents a novel concept for targeted drug delivery. Ultrasound is applied to activate intravenously administered free-flowing clusters of microbubbles and microdroplets within the target pathology, depositing 20-30 μm large bubbles in the microvasculature for 5-10 min. Further application of ultrasound induces biomechanical effects which increase vascular permeability and enhance localized extravasation of coadministered drugs. Herein we report investigations done to assess the preclinical safety of ACT, using doses up to 1 mL/kg (3 μL perfluoromethyl-cyclopentane/kg). In dogs, half the animals were exposed to ultrasound activation in the heart for 1 min, no ultrasound was applied in the other half. Posttreatment observation time was 24 h. Clinical signs, ophthalmoscopy, clinical pathology, macro-, and microscopy were used as endpoints. No differences between groups with and without ultrasound activation were observed. Short-lasting leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, possibly secondary to a slight and short-lasting increase in plasma histamine and complement split products, were the only effects noted. In rats ACT was activated in the liver for 5 min. Histopathology and clinical chemistry parameters remained unchanged. Lastly, rats were treated with ACT activated in the heart and thereafter placed on a rotarod for evaluation of motor coordination. No differences were observed between animals treated with ACT and controls. In conclusion, ACT appeared safe at dose-levels up to 1 mL/kg and with activation either in the heart or the liver. These results, together with positive efficacy data upon coinjection with cytotoxic compounds encourage further preclinical safety studies with the objective of entering subsequent clinical trials.
Keywords: Acoustic Cluster Therapy; drug delivery; microbubbles; ultrasound.