Intensity of Vasopressor Therapy for Septic Shock and the Risk of In-Hospital Death

Abstract

Context: Given the high mortality of 30%-60% associated with septic shock, distinguishing which patients do or do not have a reasonable chance of surviving with aggressive treatment could help clinicians and families make informed decisions.

Objectives: To determine if intensity of vasopressor therapy accurately predicts in-hospital death.

Methods: This observational cohort study analyzed in-hospital mortality as a function of intensity of vasopressor therapy in a consecutive series of adults with septic shock treated over a four-year period. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis assessed the overall strength of the intensity-mortality relationship.

Results: A total of 808 patients with septic shock experienced an in-hospital death rate of 41.0% (331/808; 95% CI, 38.5%-44.5%). The greater the peak number of vasopressors required, the higher the death rate, which reached 92.3% (12/13; 95% CI, 79.4%-100.0%) when three different pressors were being infused at full dose. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that number of simultaneous vasopressors and vasopressor dose load performed equally well in predicting death or survival.

Conclusion: When a standard full dose of a vasopressor fails to normalize blood pressure in a patient with septic shock, escalation begins to yield diminishing returns as the dose and multiplicity of agents approach practical upper limits. Although it is not possible to specify a precise cutoff for limiting vs. intensifying therapy, a mortality of 80% or higher-characterized by two or more concurrent vasopressors at full dose-should prompt shared decision making with the patient's family.

Keywords: Vasoconstrictor agents; cohort studies; critical care; decision making; hospital mortality; septic shock.