Abstract
Oxidative stress, mainly contributed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been implicated in pathogenesis of several diseases. We review two primary examples; fibrosis and cancer. In fibrosis, ROS promote activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, activating TGF-β pathway in an autocrine manner. In cancer, ROS account for its genomic instability, resistance to apoptosis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, ROS trigger cancer cell invasion through invadopodia formation as well as extravasation into a distant metastasis site. Use of antioxidant supplements, enzymes, and inhibitors for ROS-generating NADPH oxidases (NOX) is a logical therapeutic intervention for fibrosis and cancer. We review such attempts, progress, and challenges. Lastly, we review how nanoparticles with inherent antioxidant activity can also be a promising therapeutic option, considering their additional feature as a delivery platform for drugs, genes, and imaging agents.
Keywords:
Antioxidant; Cancer; Fibrosis; Metastasis; Nanoparticles; ROS.
Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication types
-
Review
-
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
-
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
MeSH terms
-
Anti-Inflammatory Agents / therapeutic use*
-
Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use*
-
Antioxidants / therapeutic use*
-
Cell Proliferation
-
Fibroblasts / drug effects
-
Fibroblasts / metabolism
-
Fibroblasts / pathology
-
Fibrosis
-
Humans
-
Myofibroblasts / drug effects
-
Myofibroblasts / metabolism
-
Myofibroblasts / pathology
-
NADPH Oxidases / antagonists & inhibitors
-
NADPH Oxidases / genetics
-
NADPH Oxidases / metabolism
-
Nanoparticles / administration & dosage*
-
Neoplasm Invasiveness
-
Neoplasms / blood supply
-
Neoplasms / drug therapy*
-
Neoplasms / metabolism
-
Neoplasms / pathology
-
Neovascularization, Pathologic / metabolism
-
Neovascularization, Pathologic / pathology
-
Neovascularization, Pathologic / prevention & control*
-
Oxidative Stress / drug effects
-
Reactive Oxygen Species / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Reactive Oxygen Species / metabolism
-
Transforming Growth Factor beta / antagonists & inhibitors
-
Transforming Growth Factor beta / genetics
-
Transforming Growth Factor beta / metabolism
Substances
-
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
-
Antineoplastic Agents
-
Antioxidants
-
Reactive Oxygen Species
-
Transforming Growth Factor beta
-
NADPH Oxidases