The development of highly sensitive, selective, nondestructive, and multiplexed imaging modalities is essential for latent fingerprint (LFP) identification and fingerprint residues detection. Herein, we present a versatile strategy to identify LFPs and to probe the multiple trace residues in a single LFP simultaneously. With the purpose of achieving high sensitivity, we for the first time introduced a polydopamine (PDA)-triggered Au growth method to prepare superbright and multiplex surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags, which were endowed with high selectivity by conjugating with specific antibodies. In combination with a rapid Raman mapping technique, the sensitivity of the SERS probes was down to picogram scale and all the three levels of LFP features can be clearly seen. More significantly, the multiplexed imaging of diverse residues in a single LFP provides more accurate information than that using monochromatic imaging of individuals alone. The high analytical figures of merit enable this approach great promise for use in the fields ranging from chemical detection to molecular imaging.