Objective: Describe prehospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers' beliefs regarding spinal precautions for pediatric trauma transport.
Methods: We randomly surveyed nationally certified EMS providers. We assessed providers' beliefs about specific precautions, and preferred precautions given a child's age (0-4 or 5-18 years) and presence of specific cervical spine injury (CSI) risk factors.
Results: We received 5,400 responses (17%). Most were Paramedics (36%) or EMTs (22%) and worked at fire-based services (42%). A total of 47% endorsed responding to pediatric calls more than once per month. Consensus beliefs (>66% agreement) were that rigid cervical collars (68%) and long backboards with soft conforming surfaces (79%) maintain an injured pediatric spine in optimal position. Only 39% believed in the utility of the rigid long backboard to protect the pediatric spine. For most risk factors in both age categories, a rigid cervical collar with a long backboard with a soft conforming surface was the most common response (28-40% depending on age group and risk factor); however, there were no consensus beliefs. Provider-level experience, working as a patient care provider, less education, and parent status were associated with endorsing the rigid cervical collar. Factors associated with endorsing the rigid long backboard included provider level, working as a patient care provider, low pediatric call volume, and less education.
Conclusions: EMS providers believe that rigid cervical collars and long backboards with soft conforming surfaces provide optimal spinal precautions. There were no consensus beliefs, however, for use of particular precautions based on age and risk factors.
Keywords: backboard; cervical collar; cervical spine clearance; emergency medical service; pediatric; prehospital; spinal immobilization; spinal precautions; trauma.