Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been standard of care for all patients with breast cancer until the 1990s. The stepwise retreat of breast surgeons from the axilla began after the introduction of the sentinel lymph node procedure. The evidence based clinical trend toward the omission of ALND has advanced to include patients with affected nodes, and several ongoing randomized controlled trials are evaluating the remaining indications for ALND. Conflicting with this trend toward less axillary surgery, indication and extent of regional nodal irradiation are currently broadened, equally supported by evidence from randomized trials. The present review summarizes this conflicting evidence, presents ongoing trials, and discusses the current and future optimal regional management of patients with affected nodes.
Keywords: Breast cancer; Lymph node dissection; Sentinel lymph node.