Effect of ventriculo-arterial coupling on transplant outcomes in cirrhotics: Analysis of pressure-volume curve relations

Abstract

Background & aims: Ventriculo-arterial coupling (VAC) reflects the interaction between ventricular performance and effective arterial load. Current criteria for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy focus only on cardiac function without addressing the effect of hyperdynamic, low-resistance circulation. We investigated alterations in VAC in cirrhotic patients and their associations with post-liver transplant all-cause mortality.

Methods: In this single institution cohort study, cirrhotic patients who underwent liver transplantation (LT) (n=914) were retrospectively compared with healthy matched controls using noninvasively measured end-systolic ventricular elastance (Ees), arterial elastance (Ea), and VAC (Ea/Ees). All-cause mortality based on VAC values were investigated using a Cox hazard model with the inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) of propensity score.

Results: Cirrhotic patients had significantly lower Ees, Ea and VAC values than controls. Over a median of 30months, 96 patients died after LT. In patients with a high model for end-stage liver disease score (⩾25), VAC of >0.61 (highest tertile) had poorer survival outcomes than patients with VAC of ⩽0.50 (lowest tertile) (66.0% vs. 91.8%; Log-rank p=0.001), and was independently associated with risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.10-5.39; p=0.028) compared with VAC of ⩽0.61 after IPTW adjustment.

Conclusions: In cirrhotic patients, ventricular elastance and VAC values are lower than those in controls. However, in advanced cirrhotic patients, an increase in VAC value is associated with all-cause mortality after LT, suggesting that this non-invasive estimation of ventriculo-arterial uncoupling is an additional novel prognosticator in cirrhotic cardiovascular disorders.

Lay summary: In cirrhotic patients, cardiac dysfunction is latent and only manifests under stressful conditions because of arterial vasodilation. In this study, based on the pressure-volume curve of cardiac function, we investigated characteristics of the ventricular-arterial coupling in cirrhotic patients and further found that disparities in the ventriculo-arterial relationship are associated with graft failure and all-cause mortality after liver transplantation.

Keywords: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy; Liver transplantation; Pressure-volume relationship; Ventricular elastance.