Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients are at an increased risk of having celiac disease (CD). We evaluated the prevalence and clinical profile of CD in children and adolescents with T1D and reviewed the Indian literature to determine prevalence and reasons for variability.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, subjects with T1D were prospectively evaluated with a demographic and gastrointestinal (GI) questionnaire, human IgA-tissue transglutaminase (IgA-tTGA), and endoscopic duodenal biopsy in serology positive patients. Studies evaluating prevalence of CD in T1D from India were reviewed.
Results: Fourteen (13.6 %) of the 103 (52 boys, 13 years [2-20]) T1D patients were IgA-tTGA (182 U [47-300]) positive and 3.8 % (4/103) had villous atrophy on histology. Subjects with T1D and CD (n = 4) were younger at onset of T1D (32.5 ± 12.6 vs. 110.5 ± 53.8 months; p < 0.005) and more often had GI symptoms (pain abdomen [2/4 vs. 6/89; p = 0.01], stool frequency of 2-3/day [3/4 vs. 38/89; p = 0.004]) than screen negative T1D (n = 89). Growth and glycemic control were not different between the groups. In the 7 Indian studies involving 915 children and adults, 13.8 % (8 % to 17.8 %) T1D were serology positive. Prevalence of CD was reported as 6.9 % (2.3 % to 11.1 %), but only 3.1 % (2.3 % to 4.2 %) had villous atrophy on histology.
Conclusions: Potential CD and CD were present in 13.6 % and 3.8 % children with T1D respectively. T1D with CD have onset of diabetes at younger age and were more often symptomatic than screen negative T1D.
Keywords: Celiac disease; Children; Prevalence; Screening; Type 1 diabetes mellitus.