Effective treatment of malignant brain tumors is still an open problem. Location of tumor in vital areas of the brain significantly limits capasities of surgical treatment. The presence of tumor stem cells resistant to radiation and anticancer drugs in brain tumor complicates use of chemoradiotherapy and causes a high rate of disease recurrence. A technological improvement in bioselection and production of recombinant resulted in creation of viruses with potent oncolytic properties against glial tumors. Recent studies, including clinical trials, showed, that majority of oncolytic viruses are safe. Despite the impressive results of the viral therapy in some patients, the treatment of other patients is not effective; therefore, further improvement of the methods of oncolytic virotherapy is necessary. High genetic heterogeneity of glial tumor cells even within a single tumor determines differences in individual sensitivity of tumor cells to oncolytic viruses. This review analyses the most successful oncolytic virus strains, including those which had reached clinical trials, and discusses the prospects for new approaches to virotherapy of gliomas.
Éffektivnoe lechenie zlokachestvennykh opukholeĭ golovnogo mozga do sikh por ostaetsia nereshennoĭ zadacheĭ. Lokalizatsiia opukholi v zhiznenno vazhnykh oblastiakh golovnogo mozga znachitel'no ogranichivaet vozmozhnosti khirurgicheskogo lecheniia. Primenenie khimioluchevoĭ terapii oslozhniaetsia povyshennoĭ ustoĭchivost'iu opukholevykh stvolovykh kletok k oblucheniiu i protivoopukholevym preparatam, chto obuslavlivaet vysokuiu chastotu retsidivov zabolevaniia. Sovershenstvovanie tekhnologiĭ bioselektsii i polucheniia rekombinantnykh virusov pozvolili sozdat' shtammy virusov, obladaiushchikh moshchnymi onkoliticheskimi svoĭstvami v otnoshenii glial'nykh opukholeĭ. Dlia mnogikh shtammov pokazano prakticheskoe otsutstvie tsitotoksichnosti i vysokaia bezopasnost' ikh primeneniia v terapii, v tom chisle i v khode klinicheskikh ispytaniĭ. V to zhe vremia poluchenie vpechatliaiushchikh rezul'tatov u otdel'nykh bol'nykh sochetaetsia s otsutstviem kakikh-libo polozhitel'nykh éffektov virusnoĭ terapii u drugikh patsientov, chto ukazyvaet na neobkhodimost' dal'neĭshego sovershenstvovaniia metodov onkoliticheskoĭ viroterapii. Chrezvychaĭnaia raznorodnost' glial'nykh opukholevykh kletok, dazhe v predelakh odnoĭ opukholi, obuslavlivaet razlichiia v individual'noĭ chuvstvitel'nosti kletok i opukholeĭ k onkoliticheskim virusam. V dannoĭ rabote proveden analiz naibolee uspeshnykh shtammov onkoliticheskikh virusov, v tom chisle doshedshikh do klinicheskikh ispytaniĭ, i obsuzhdaiutsia perspektivy novykh podkhodov k viroterapii gliom.
Keywords: antitumor therapy; malignant glioma; oncolytic virus; virotherapy.