We conducted a case-control study to investigate the associations between GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms and development of osteosarcoma in a Chinese population. Between January 2013 and February 2015, 153 patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma and 252 control subjects were enrolled in the current study from the Orthopedic Hospital of the Second Hospital of Jilin University. The GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms were detected by polymerase chain reaction coupled with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. As determined by a multiple-logistic regression analysis, the Val/Val genotype of GSTP1 was associated with a significantly increased risk of osteosarcoma compared to that of the Ile/Ile genotype, with an odds ratio (OR) = 3.39, and a 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45-8.13. Moreover, the Ile/Val+Val/Val genotype of GSTP1 was correlated with a marginally significant increased risk of osteosarcoma compared to that of the Ile/Ile genotype (OR = 1.65, 95%CI = 1.08-2.53). However, we did not find any significant associations between the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms and osteosarcoma risk. In conclusion, our results suggest that the GSTP1 gene polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of osteosarcoma, whereas the GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms may not influence the development of this cancer.