Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) constitute a diverse class of plant secondary metabolites that includes the opiate analgesics morphine and codeine. Collectively, BIAs exhibit a myriad of pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antitussive, antispasmodic, and anticancer properties. Despite 2500 known BIA products, only a small proportion are currently produced though traditional crop-based manufacturing, as complex stereochemistry renders chemical synthesis of BIAs largely unfeasible. The advent of synthetic biology and sophisticated microbial engineering coupled with recent advances in the elucidation of plant BIA metabolic networks has provided growing motivation for producing high-value BIAs in microbial hosts. Here, we provide a technical basis for reconstituting BIA biosynthetic pathways in the common yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methodologies outlined in this chapter include fundamental techniques for expressing and assaying BIA biosynthetic enzymes, bioprospecting large libraries of BIA enzyme variants, and reconstituting and optimizing complete BIA formation pathways in yeast. To expedite construction of superior BIA-producing yeast strains, we emphasize high-throughput techniques. Finally, we identify fundamental challenges impeding deployment of yeast-based BIA production platforms and briefly outline future prospects to overcome such barriers.
Keywords: Alkaloids; Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids; Metabolic engineering; Opiates; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Secondary metabolism; Synthetic biology; Yeast.
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