The Influence of Smoking on Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients

Kuan-Jen Bai; Jen-Jyh Lee; Shun-Tien Chien; Chi-Won Suk; Chen-Yuan Chiang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156677

The Influence of Smoking on Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients

PLoS One. 2016 Jun 7;11(6):e0156677. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156677. eCollection 2016.

Authors

Kuan-Jen Bai^{1

2}, Jen-Jyh Lee³, Shun-Tien Chien⁴, Chi-Won Suk¹, Chen-Yuan Chiang^{1

5

6}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
² School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
³ Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
⁴ Chest Hospital, Department of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan.
⁵ Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
⁶ International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France.

Abstract

Background: Both smoking and diabetes can increase the risk and influence the manifestations and outcomes of tuberculosis (TB). It is not clear whether the influence of smoking on pulmonary TB differs between non-diabetic and diabetic patients. Herein, we assessed the manifestations and outcomes of TB in relation to smoking in both diabetic and non-diabetic TB patients.

Methodology/principal findings: All diabetic culture-positive pulmonary TB patients notified from 2005-2010 at three teaching hospitals in Taiwan were enrolled. A culture-positive pulmonary TB patient without DM who was notified to the health authority immediately prior to each diabetic TB patient was selected for comparison. The 972 patients in this study cohort included 365 (37.6%) non-diabetic non-smokers, 149 (15.3%) non-diabetic smokers, 284 (29.2%) diabetic non-smokers, and 174 (17.9%) diabetic smokers. The adjusted relative risk of a pretreatment positive smear for a smoker compared with a non-smoker was 2.19 (95% CI 1.38-3.47) in non-diabetic patients and 2.23 (95% CI 1.29-3.87) in diabetic culture-positive pulmonary TB patients. The adjusted relative risk for a positive smear among diabetic smokers was 5.61 (95% CI 3.35-9.41) compared with non-diabetic non-smokers. Smoking was significantly associated with an increased frequency of bilateral lung parenchyma involvement (AdjOR 1.84, 95% CI 1.16-2.93), far-advanced pulmonary TB (AdjOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.04-3.50), cavitary lesions (AdjOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.29-3.20), and unfavorable outcomes of TB (AdjOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.02-5.41) in non-diabetic patients. However, smoking was not associated with cavitary lung parenchyma lesions regarding the location, number or size of the cavity in diabetic TB patients.

Conclusions/significance: Smoking and diabetes have joint effects on a pretreatment positive smear. Diabetic smokers had more than a 5-fold increased risk of a pretreatment positive smear than did non-diabetic non-smokers, indicating remarkable joint effects of diabetes and smoking on the risk of TB transmission.

Publication types

Comparative Study

MeSH terms

Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Cohort Studies
Diabetes Mellitus / epidemiology*
Female
Humans
Male
Microbiological Techniques
Middle Aged
Risk Factors
Smoking / adverse effects
Smoking / epidemiology*
Taiwan / epidemiology
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / diagnosis
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / epidemiology*

Grants and funding

This study was funded by a research grant DOH101-DC-1103 of Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov.tw. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.