A facile route to prepare cellulose-based films

Abstract

Cellulose is the most abundant renewable and biodegradable material available in nature. Its insoluble character in water as well as common organic and inorganic liquids, however, curtails the wholesome utility. The continuous rise for biodegradable products based on cellulose coupled with its intrinsic ability to form a viable substitute for the petroleum-based materials necessitates the critical need for solubilizing the cellulose. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of ZnCl2 solutions, especially the 64-72% concentrations, to dissolve cellulose. FTIR results suggest that Zn(2+) ions promote Zn⋯O3H interactions, which in-turn weaken the intrinsic O3H⋯O5 hydrogen bonds that are responsible for strengthening the cellulose chains. Interestingly, Ca(2+) ions promote interactions among the Zn-cellulose chains leading to the formation of nano fibrils and yield gelling solutions. The tensile strength of the Ca(2+) added Zn-cellulose films increases by around 250% compared to the Zn-cellulose films. Overall, utilization of inorganic salt solutions to solubilize and crosslink cellulose is cost-effective, recyclable and certainly stands out tall among the other available systems. More importantly, the proposed protocol is simple and is a "green" process, and thus its large-scale adaptability is quite feasible. We strongly believe that the outcome opens up a new window of opportunities for cellulose in the biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and non-food applications.

Keywords: Calcium chloride; Cellulose film; Cellulose gels; Cellulose solubility; Nano fibrils; Zinc chloride.