Risk-Taking Attitudes of Patients who Seek Health Care: An Exploratory Approach through Lottery Games

Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2016 Mar 23:90:e1-e14.
[Article in English, Spanish]

Abstract

Background: The characterization of the risk-taking attitude of individuals may be useful for planning health care interventions. It has been attempted to study expressions of risk-taking attitude and evaluate characteristics of a standard lottery game in a population that seeks health care to elicit these attitudes.

Methods: Multicentric cross-sectional study. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, quality of life (EuroQol-5D), and health risk behaviors were collected from 662 users of 23 health centers selected by random sampling. Risk-taking attitude was evaluated by means of a self-evaluation scale and two lottery games, (L1 and L2; L2 included the possibility of economic losses). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) explicative models were used to evaluate the variability of risk-taking attitude.

Results: Nineteen percent out of interviewed people (CI95%: 15.6-22.6%) expressed a high risk appetite, but only 10.0% (CI95% 7.0 to 13.0) were classified as risk-seeking by L2. It was found association between increased risk appetite and having a better perception of health status (0.110, CI95%: 0,007-0,212) or a higher income (0.010, CI95%: 0.017- 0.123) or smoking status (0.059, CI95%: 0.004- 0.114). Being Spanish was associated with lower risk appetite (-0.105, CI95%: -0.005 --0.205), as being over 65 (-0.031, CI95%:- 0.061- -0.001) or a woman (-0.038, CI95%:-0.064- -0.012). The intraclass correlation coefficient for self-evaluation scale was 0.511 (95% CI: 0.372 to 0.629), 0.571 (95% CI: 0.441 to 0.678) for L1 and 0.349 (95% CI: 0.186-0.493) to L2.

Conclusions: People who seek health care express certain inclination to risk, but this feature is attenuated when methodologies involving losses are used. Risk appetite seems greater in young people, males, people with better health, or more income, and in immigrants. Lottery games such as the proposed ones are a simple and useful tool to estimate individuals' inclination to risk.

Objetivo: La caracterización de la actitud ante el riesgo puede ser útil en la planificación de las intervenciones sanitarias. El objetivo fue estudiar la actitud ante el riesgo de una población que demanda cuidados de salud y evaluar la capacidad de un juego de loterías para evidenciar dicha actitud.

Metodos: Estudio multicéntrico transversal. Se recogieron características demográficas, socioeconómicas, de calidad de vida y conductas de riesgo en salud de 662 personas usuarias de 23 centros de salud seleccionadas mediante muestreo aleatorio. La actitud ante el riesgo se evaluó mediante una escala subjetiva y mediante dos juegos de azar (L1 y L2; L2 incluía la posibilidad de pérdidas económicas). Se realizaron modelos explicativos para valorar la variabilidad de la propensión al riesgo utilizando Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE).

Resultados: El 19,1% (IC95%:15,6-22,6%) de los sujetos expresaron una propensión al riesgo alta, el 10,0% (IC95%:7,0-13,0) fueron clasificados como propensos al riesgo con L2. Se encontró asociación entre una mayor propensión al riesgo y tener mejor percepción del estado de salud (0,110; IC95%:0,007- 0,212) o mayor renta (0,010; IC95%: 0,017- 0,123) o ser fumador (0,059; IC95%: 0,004-0,114). Ser español se relacionaba con menor propensión al riesgo (-0,105; IC95%: -0,205- -0,005), al igual que ser mayor de 65 años (-0,031; IC95%:-0,061- -0,001) o ser mujer (-0,038, IC95%:-0,064- -0,012). El coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la escala subjetiva fue 0,511 (IC95%:0,372-0,629), 0,571 (IC95%:0,441-0,678) para L1 y 0,349 (IC95%:0,186-0,493) para L2.

Conclusiones: Las personas que demandan cuidados de salud presentan con frecuencia propensión al riesgo, la cual se atenúa cuando se caracteriza mediante metodologías que implican pérdidas. La propensión al riesgo parece mayor en personas jóvenes, varones, con mejor estado de salud, con mayor renta y en inmigrantes.

Keywords: Alcohol Drinking; Choice Behaviour; Games, experimental; Immigrants; Models, Theoretical; Primary Health Care; Risk-taking; Spain; Tobacco Use.

Publication types

  • Multicenter Study

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Age Factors
  • Aged
  • Attitude to Health*
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Diagnostic Self Evaluation
  • Emigrants and Immigrants
  • Female
  • Health Behavior*
  • Health Status
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Quality of Life
  • Risk
  • Risk-Taking*
  • Sex Factors
  • Spain / epidemiology