Pharmacosurveillance without borders: electronic health records in different countries can be used to address important methodological issues in estimating the risk of adverse events

Abstract

Objectives: Evaluate methodological advantages and limitations of an international pharmacosurveillance system based on electronic health records (EHRs).

Study design and settings: Type 2 diabetes was used as an exemplar. Cohorts of newly treated diabetics were followed in each country (Quebec, Canada; Massachusetts, United States; Manchester, UK) from 2009 to 2012 using local EHR systems. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the risk of cardiovascular events.

Results: A total of 44,913 newly treated diabetics were identified; 82.6% (United States) to 93.1% (Canada) were started on biguanides; 13% of patients failed to fill initial prescriptions. An increased risk of cardiovascular events with sulfonylureas was observed when dispensing [hazard ratio (HR): 2.83] vs. EHR prescribing (HR: 2.47) data were used. The addition of clinical data produced a threefold to 10-fold increase in comorbidity for obesity and renal disease, but had no impact on the risk of different hypoglycemic therapies. The risk of cardiovascular events with sulfonylureas was higher in the United States [HR: 3.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.1, 5.5] compared to England (HR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.6).

Conclusion: An international surveillance system based on EHRs may provide more timely information about drug safety and new opportunities to estimate potential sources of bias and health system effects on drug-related outcomes.

Keywords: Adverse outcome; Electronic health record; Health informatics; Medication adherence; Pharmacoepidemiology; Pharmacosurveillance; ​Risk assessment.