In the present study, 59 polymorphic microsatellite loci of Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino were developed from the specific length amplified fragment sequencing data library of genome. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to five, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.0000 to 1.0000 and from 0.0769 to 0.6751, respectively. Among the 59 loci, 25 displayed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (P < 0.05). The developed simple sequence repeat markers should be useful for studying population genetics in B. tricuspis (Hance) Makino, for providing further knowledge on its population differentiation, breeding system, and dispersal ability, as well as quantitative trait locus mapping. These markers could also be valuable genetic resources for closely related species.