Few-layered polyelectrolyte functionalized MoS2 nanosheets were obtained for the first time through in situ polymerization of MoS2 nanosheets with poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylamide), both of which demonstrated excellent dispersibility and stability in water. After designing and optimizing the components of this series of polyelectrolyte functionalized MoS2 nanosheets, by exploiting the electrostatic interactions present in the modified MoS2 nanosheets, we further created a series of layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembling MoS2-based films. To this end, uniform MoS2 nanosheet-based LBL films were precisely deposited on substrates such as quartz, silicon, and ITO. The polyelectrolyte functionalized MoS2 nanosheet assembled LBL film-modified electrodes demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic activity for H2O2. As such, they are conducive to efficient sensors and advanced biosensing systems.