The optimal adjuvant management of patients with resectable gastric cancer remains a therapeutic challenge. Although the benefit of adjuvant therapy for these patients is clearly established, recurrence and mortality rates remain high despite such treatment. Moreover, surgical comorbidities and treatment toxicities result in high rates of failure to complete treatment after surgery. Two divergent approaches to adjuvant treatment have emerged as standard: postoperative chemoradiotherapy and perioperative chemotherapy. Because these approaches have never been compared directly, recommendations for adjuvant treatment require multidisciplinary discussion. During this discussion, the characteristics of the symptoms, the histology, location, and stage of the tumor, and the feasibility of the patient's completing all recommended therapy may be considered. In our own practice, we favor perioperative chemotherapy for patients with asymptomatic, proximal, higher-stage disease and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for patients with symptomatic, distal, lower-stage disease. Herein, we summarize the available data for approaches to the adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer, with special consideration of the characteristics of the patients enrolled in the various studies. We also describe how we developed our paradigm for recommending a particular approach to adjuvant treatment for each patient.