Purpose of review: This article critically analyzes the recent literature on microvascular head and neck reconstruction after (chemo)radiation [(C)RT], taking into consideration both the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms and their clinical consequences.
Recent findings: Microvascular reconstruction has gradually become a mainstay in the management of head and neck cancer both in primary and salvage scenarios. However, limited data are available concerning the influence of previous radiotherapy/chemoradiation therapy (CRT) on free flap survival and surgical complications. Molecular studies show that the effects of radiotherapy/CRT may be essentially reduced to three components: inflammation, a prothrombotic state and fibrosis. From a clinical point of view, this is reflected in a moderate increase in free flaps failure and surgical complications. Nevertheless, free flaps continue to offer clear advantages even in such an unfavorable condition.
Summary: Radiotherapy/CRT induce a less favorable tissue environment, potentially leading to a higher risk of complications. In this scenario, however, free tissue transfer still plays the role of favoring wound healing bringing well vascularized tissue to less vascularized microenvironments.