Asbestos-related lung cancer is an important and partly unrecognized public health problem. The present review summarizes the knowledge regarding some specific aspects of the association between asbestos and lung cancer. It is difficult to estimate the exact number of lung cancers in a population that are attributable to asbestos exposure. However, this number is likely to greatly exceed the number of mesotheliomas. Epidemiological studies suggest that there is a linear relationship between cumulative exposure to asbestos and risk of lung cancer. Observed differences between different types of asbestos are lower than previously believed. This highlights the necessity of banning all types of asbestos worldwide. Risk of lung cancer changes with passing time from asbestos exposure, with the strongest effect observed 10-15 years after the exposure. This highlights the importance of quitting asbestos exposure as soon as possible, even for individuals with a long-term past exposure. Quitting smoking is the most important preventive action to be taken by individuals with a past exposure to asbestos. Results of recent studies show that smoking cessation is associated with a substantial reduction of lung cancer risk among individuals exposed to asbestos. This highlights the importance of promoting smoking cessation programmes specifically targeted to individuals with a past exposure to asbestos.