Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease and is endemic in tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Lifelong immunity after recovery indicates that vaccination could be a promising approach to overcome the disease. Although different antigens have been successfully tested against all clinical forms, none of them have been shown to fulfill the safety and efficiency requirements for human applications. Hence, strong vehicles are needed to carry antigens of interest and potentiate its presence in the body. So far, various live or chemical carriers have been applied to reinforce the immunological effects of ideal antigens. In the current review, the recent attempts in this field have been summarized.
Keywords: Leishmaniasis; chemical delivery system; live delivery system; nano/microparticle; protective immune responses; vaccination.