Risk Factors for Possible Dementia Using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test and the Mini-Mental State Examination in Shanghai

Xin Xu; Shifu Xiao; Tri Budi Rahardjo; Eef Hogervorst

doi:10.3390/diagnostics5040487

Risk Factors for Possible Dementia Using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test and the Mini-Mental State Examination in Shanghai

Diagnostics (Basel). 2015 Nov 23;5(4):487-96. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics5040487.

Authors

Xin Xu¹, Shifu Xiao², Tri Budi Rahardjo³, Eef Hogervorst⁴

Affiliations

¹ Memory, Ageing and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore 117600, Singapore. phcxx@nus.edu.sg.
² Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China. xiaoshifu@msn.come.
³ Centre for Aging Studies, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Jawa Barat 16424, Indonesia. tri.budi.wr@gmail.com.
⁴ Psychology Division, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Brockington Building, Ashby Road, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK. e.hogervorst@lboro.ac.uk.

Abstract

Using a combination of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), we investigated the prevalence of possible dementia (DEM) in community-dwelling elderly in Shanghai. Subsequently, we investigated significant risk factors for DEM and generated a DEM self-checklist for early DEM detection and case management. We found that among a total of 521 participants using a HVLT cut-off score of <19 and a MMSE cut-off score of <24, a total of 69 DEM cases were identified. Risk factors, such as advanced age (≥68 years), low education (no or primary level), self-reported history of hypertension, and self-reported subjective memory complaints (SMC) were significantly predictive of DEM. The presence of ≥3 out of four of the above mentioned risk factors can effectively discriminate DEM cases from non-DEM subjects.

Keywords: dementia; prevalence; risk factors.